An Acute and Transient Psychotic Disorder in a Male Victim of Rape: A Case Report and a Nosological Question
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Abstract
Stress has a significant role in developing Acute and Transient Psychotic Disorder (ATPD). The condition resolves after stress termination without relapse for long years in many cases. So this kind of psychosis can be different from other psychosis in terms of etiology and prognosis. We report an 18-year-old male patient with an acute and transient psychotic disorder who experienced a psychotic episode after a rape. His psychosis was remitted without any antipsychotic medications. This case raises an important question: Why should this kind of psychosis be classified under a psychotic branch of psychiatric disorders classification and not under more benign disorders such as adjustment disorder.
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[7] Sundaram V, Laursen B, Helweg-Larsen K. Is sexual victimization gender specific? The prevalence of forced sexual activity among men and women in Denmark, and self-reported well-being among survivors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2008; 23(10):1414-40. [DOI:10.1177/0886260508314305] [PMID]
[8] Varese F, Smeets F, Drukker M, Lieverse R, Lataster T, Viechtbauer W, et al. Childhood adversities increase the risk of psychosis: A meta- analysis of patient-control, prospective-and cross-sectional cohort studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2012; 38(4):661-71. [DOI:10.1093/ schbul/sbs050] [PMID] [PMCID]
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[11] Sutton TE, Simons LG, Tyler KA. Hooking-up and sexual vic- timization on campus: Examining moderators of risk. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2021; 36(15-16):NP8146-NP8175. [DOI:10.1177/0886260519842178] [PMID]
[12] Grossman SF, Lundy M, Bertrand C, Ortiz C, Tomas-Tolentino G, Ritzema K, et al. Service patterns of adult survivors of childhood ver- sus adult sexual assault/abuse. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse. 2009; 18(6):655-72. [DOI:10.1080/10538710903317265] [PMID]
[13] Addington J, Chaves A, Addington D. Diagnostic stability over one year in first-episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research. 2006; 86(1- 3):71-5. [DOI:10.1016/j.schres.2006.04.018] [PMID]
[14] Yoviene Sykes LA, Ferrara M, Addington J, Bearden CE, Cadenhead KS, Cannon TD, et al. Predictive validity of conversion from the clinical high risk syndrome to frank psychosis. Schizophrenia Research. 2020; 216:184-91. [DOI:10.1016/j.schres.2019.12.002] [PMID] [PMCID]
[15] Susser E, Wanderling J. Epidemiology of nonaffective acute remit- ting psychosis vs schizophrenia: Sex and sociocultural setting. Ar- chives of General Psychiatry. 1994; 51(4):294-301. [DOI:10.1001/ archpsyc.1994.03950040038005] [PMID]
[16] Stephen A, Lui F. Brief Psychotic Disorder. Treasure Island: Stat- Pearls Publishing; 2019. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ books/NBK539912/
[17] Cutler JL. Kaplan and Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry. Jour- nal of Psychiatric Practice. 2016; 22(1):68-9. [DOI:10.1097/ PRA.0000000000000126]
[18] Udomratn P, Burns J, Farooq S. Acute and transient psychotic disorders: An overview of studies in Asia. International Review of Psychiatry. 2012; 24(5):463-6. [DOI:10.3109/09540261.2012.7155 79] [PMID]
[19] Malhotra S, Sahoo S, Balachander S. Acute and transient psy- chotic disorders: Newer understanding. Current Psychiatry Reports. 2019; 21(11):113. [DOI:10.1007/s11920-019-1099-8] [PMID]
[20] Kapur R, Pandurangi A. A comparative study of reactive psychosis and acute psychosis without precipitating stress. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 1979; 135(6):544-50. [DOI:10.1192/bjp.135.6.544] [PMID]
[21] Phillips LJ, Edwards J, McMurray N, Francey S. Comparison of expe- riences of stress and coping between young people at risk of psycho- sis and a non-clinical cohort. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychother- apy. 2012; 40(1):69-88. [DOI:10.1017/S1352465811000397] [PMID]
[22] Lataster J, Myin-Germeys I, Lieb R, Wittchen HU, Van Os J. Ad- versity and psychosis: A 10-year prospective study investigating synergism between early and recent adversity in psychosis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2012; 125(5):388-99. [DOI:10.1111/ j.1600-0447.2011.01805.x] [PMID]
[23] Docherty NM, St-Hilaire A, Aakre JM, Seghers JP. Life events and high-trait reactivity together predict psychotic symptom increases in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2009; 35(3):638-45. [DOI:10.1093/schbul/sbn002] [PMID] [PMCID]
[24] MacDonald EM, Pica S, McDonald S, Hayes RL, Baglioni AJ. Stress and coping in early psychosis: Role of symptoms, self-efficacy, and social support in coping with stress. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 1998; 172(S33):122-7. [DOI:10.1192/S0007125000297778] [PMID]
[25] Rossi A, Di Tommaso S, Stratta P, Riccardi I, Daneluzzo E. How much stress is needed to increase vulnerability to psychosis? A community assessment of psychic experiences (CAPE) evaluation 10 months after an earthquake in L’Aquila (Italy). European Ar- chives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2012; 262(3):265-8. [DOI:10.1007/s00406-011-0258-7] [PMID]
[26] Crespo-Facorro B, Pelayo-Terán JM, Pérez-Iglesias R, Ramírez- Bonilla M, Martínez-García O, Pardo-García G, et al. Predictors of acute treatment response in patients with a first episode of non-affective psychosis: Sociodemographics, premorbid and clini- cal variables. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2007; 41(8):659-66. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.05.002] [PMID]
[27] Falloon IR. Problem solving as a core strategy in the preven- tion of schizophrenia and other mental disorders. Austral- ian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2000; 34:S185-90. [DOI:10.1080/000486700242] [PMID]
[28] Pinkham AE, Penn DL, Perkins DO, Graham KA, Siegel M. Emotion perception and social skill over the course of psychosis: A comparison of individuals “at-risk” for psychosis and individuals with early and chronic schizophrenia spectrum illness. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. 2007; 12(3):198-212. [DOI:10.1080/13546800600985557] [PMID]
[29] Tognin S, Catalan A, Modinos G, Kempton MJ, Bilbao A, Nelson B, et al. Emotion recognition and adverse childhood experiences in individuals at clinical high risk of psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2020; 46(4):823-33 [DOI:10.1093/schbul/sbz128] [PMID] [PMCID]
[2] Möller HJ, Jäger M, Riedel M, Obermeier M, Strauss A, Bottlender R. The Munich 15-year follow-up study (MUFUSSAD) on first-hospi- talized patients with schizophrenic or affective disorders: compari- son of psychopathological and psychosocial course and outcome and prediction of chronicity. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2010; 260(5):367-84. [DOI:10.1007/s00406- 010-0117-y] [PMID]
[3] Black M, Basile K, Breiding M, Smith SG, Walters ML, Merrick MT, et al. National intimate partner and sexual violence survey: 2010 summary report 2011. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2011. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/ nisvs_report2010-a.pdf
[4] Holtzman CW, Trotman HD, Goulding SM, Ryan AT, Macdonald AN, Shapiro DI, et al. Stress and neurodevelopmental processes in the emergence of psychosis. Neuroscience. 2013; 249:172-91. [DOI:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.12.017] [PMID] [PMCID]
[5] Phillips LJ, Francey SM, Edwards J, McMurray N. Stress and psy- chosis: Towards the development of new models of investigation. Clinical Psychology Review. 2007; 27(3):307-17. [DOI:10.1016/j. cpr.2006.10.003] [PMID]
[6] Belik SL, Stein MB, Asmundson GJ, Sareen J. Relation between trau- matic events and suicide attempts in Canadian military personnel. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 2009; 54(2):93-104. [DOI:10.11 77/070674370905400207] [PMID]
[7] Sundaram V, Laursen B, Helweg-Larsen K. Is sexual victimization gender specific? The prevalence of forced sexual activity among men and women in Denmark, and self-reported well-being among survivors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2008; 23(10):1414-40. [DOI:10.1177/0886260508314305] [PMID]
[8] Varese F, Smeets F, Drukker M, Lieverse R, Lataster T, Viechtbauer W, et al. Childhood adversities increase the risk of psychosis: A meta- analysis of patient-control, prospective-and cross-sectional cohort studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2012; 38(4):661-71. [DOI:10.1093/ schbul/sbs050] [PMID] [PMCID]
[9] Scott JG, Ross CA, Dorahy MJ, Read J, Schäfer I. Childhood trauma in psychotic and dissociative disorders. In: Moskowitz A, Dorahy MJ, Schäfer I, editors. Psychosis, Trauma and Dissociation: Evolving Per- spectives on Severe Psychopathology. Hoboken: Wiley; 2018. htt- ps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118585948
[10] Choudhary E, Coben J, Bossarte RM. Adverse health outcomes, perpetrator characteristics, and sexual violence victimization among US adult males. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2010; 25(8):1523-41. [DOI:10.1177/0886260509346063] [PMID]
[11] Sutton TE, Simons LG, Tyler KA. Hooking-up and sexual vic- timization on campus: Examining moderators of risk. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2021; 36(15-16):NP8146-NP8175. [DOI:10.1177/0886260519842178] [PMID]
[12] Grossman SF, Lundy M, Bertrand C, Ortiz C, Tomas-Tolentino G, Ritzema K, et al. Service patterns of adult survivors of childhood ver- sus adult sexual assault/abuse. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse. 2009; 18(6):655-72. [DOI:10.1080/10538710903317265] [PMID]
[13] Addington J, Chaves A, Addington D. Diagnostic stability over one year in first-episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research. 2006; 86(1- 3):71-5. [DOI:10.1016/j.schres.2006.04.018] [PMID]
[14] Yoviene Sykes LA, Ferrara M, Addington J, Bearden CE, Cadenhead KS, Cannon TD, et al. Predictive validity of conversion from the clinical high risk syndrome to frank psychosis. Schizophrenia Research. 2020; 216:184-91. [DOI:10.1016/j.schres.2019.12.002] [PMID] [PMCID]
[15] Susser E, Wanderling J. Epidemiology of nonaffective acute remit- ting psychosis vs schizophrenia: Sex and sociocultural setting. Ar- chives of General Psychiatry. 1994; 51(4):294-301. [DOI:10.1001/ archpsyc.1994.03950040038005] [PMID]
[16] Stephen A, Lui F. Brief Psychotic Disorder. Treasure Island: Stat- Pearls Publishing; 2019. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ books/NBK539912/
[17] Cutler JL. Kaplan and Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry. Jour- nal of Psychiatric Practice. 2016; 22(1):68-9. [DOI:10.1097/ PRA.0000000000000126]
[18] Udomratn P, Burns J, Farooq S. Acute and transient psychotic disorders: An overview of studies in Asia. International Review of Psychiatry. 2012; 24(5):463-6. [DOI:10.3109/09540261.2012.7155 79] [PMID]
[19] Malhotra S, Sahoo S, Balachander S. Acute and transient psy- chotic disorders: Newer understanding. Current Psychiatry Reports. 2019; 21(11):113. [DOI:10.1007/s11920-019-1099-8] [PMID]
[20] Kapur R, Pandurangi A. A comparative study of reactive psychosis and acute psychosis without precipitating stress. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 1979; 135(6):544-50. [DOI:10.1192/bjp.135.6.544] [PMID]
[21] Phillips LJ, Edwards J, McMurray N, Francey S. Comparison of expe- riences of stress and coping between young people at risk of psycho- sis and a non-clinical cohort. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychother- apy. 2012; 40(1):69-88. [DOI:10.1017/S1352465811000397] [PMID]
[22] Lataster J, Myin-Germeys I, Lieb R, Wittchen HU, Van Os J. Ad- versity and psychosis: A 10-year prospective study investigating synergism between early and recent adversity in psychosis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2012; 125(5):388-99. [DOI:10.1111/ j.1600-0447.2011.01805.x] [PMID]
[23] Docherty NM, St-Hilaire A, Aakre JM, Seghers JP. Life events and high-trait reactivity together predict psychotic symptom increases in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2009; 35(3):638-45. [DOI:10.1093/schbul/sbn002] [PMID] [PMCID]
[24] MacDonald EM, Pica S, McDonald S, Hayes RL, Baglioni AJ. Stress and coping in early psychosis: Role of symptoms, self-efficacy, and social support in coping with stress. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 1998; 172(S33):122-7. [DOI:10.1192/S0007125000297778] [PMID]
[25] Rossi A, Di Tommaso S, Stratta P, Riccardi I, Daneluzzo E. How much stress is needed to increase vulnerability to psychosis? A community assessment of psychic experiences (CAPE) evaluation 10 months after an earthquake in L’Aquila (Italy). European Ar- chives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2012; 262(3):265-8. [DOI:10.1007/s00406-011-0258-7] [PMID]
[26] Crespo-Facorro B, Pelayo-Terán JM, Pérez-Iglesias R, Ramírez- Bonilla M, Martínez-García O, Pardo-García G, et al. Predictors of acute treatment response in patients with a first episode of non-affective psychosis: Sociodemographics, premorbid and clini- cal variables. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2007; 41(8):659-66. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.05.002] [PMID]
[27] Falloon IR. Problem solving as a core strategy in the preven- tion of schizophrenia and other mental disorders. Austral- ian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2000; 34:S185-90. [DOI:10.1080/000486700242] [PMID]
[28] Pinkham AE, Penn DL, Perkins DO, Graham KA, Siegel M. Emotion perception and social skill over the course of psychosis: A comparison of individuals “at-risk” for psychosis and individuals with early and chronic schizophrenia spectrum illness. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. 2007; 12(3):198-212. [DOI:10.1080/13546800600985557] [PMID]
[29] Tognin S, Catalan A, Modinos G, Kempton MJ, Bilbao A, Nelson B, et al. Emotion recognition and adverse childhood experiences in individuals at clinical high risk of psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2020; 46(4):823-33 [DOI:10.1093/schbul/sbz128] [PMID] [PMCID]
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 6 No S1 (2021): Supplementary | |
| Section | Case Report(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Psychosis Psychotic Disorder Rape Violence Sex Offenses Adjustment disorder | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Seddigh R, Keshavarz-Akhlaghi A-A, Saeidi M. An Acute and Transient Psychotic Disorder in a Male Victim of Rape: A Case Report and a Nosological Question. CRCP. 2022;6(S1):298-302.
